https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/blurred-vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/snellen-eye-chart-blurred-vision.webp Blurred Vision Snellen Eye Chart Blurred Vision Simulation https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/bulging-eye https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/unilateral-proptosis-bulging-eye-exophthalmos.webp Bulging Eye (Proptosis) Unilateral Proptosis (Exophthalmos) - Bulging Eye Clinical Presentation https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/central-vision-loss https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/central-vision-loss-scotoma-reading-simulation.webp Loss of Central Vision Central Vision Loss Scotoma Simulation - Reading With Macular Degeneration https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/color-vision-changes https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/red-desaturation-color-vision-optic-nerve.webp Color Vision Changes Red Desaturation Comparison - Normal Color Vision vs. Optic Nerve Color Loss https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/double-vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/double-vision-example.webp Double Vision (Diplopia) Illustration showing how double vision appears - two overlapping images of the same object https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/drooping-eyelid https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/unilateral-ptosis-drooping-eyelid-clinical.webp Drooping Eyelid (Ptosis) Unilateral Ptosis (Drooping Eyelid) - Clinical Presentation of Severe Acquired Ptosis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/eye-pain https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/eye-pain-periorbital-pressure-woman.webp Eye Pain Severe Eye Pain - Periorbital and Orbital Pain Clinical Illustration https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/headache https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/headache-man-pressing-temples-migraine.webp Headache Severe Headache and Migraine - Man Pressing Temples With Bilateral Head Pain https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/oscillopsia https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/oscillopsia-visual-motion-blur-street-simulation.webp Oscillopsia Oscillopsia Simulation - Visual World Appearing to Shake and Blur With Movement https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/peripheral-vision-loss https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/peripheral-vision-loss-tunnel-vision-simulation.webp Loss of Peripheral Vision Tunnel Vision Simulation - Peripheral Vision Loss in Everyday Life https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/photophobia https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/photophobia-light-sensitivity-woman-shielding-eyes.webp Light Sensitivity (Photophobia) Photophobia (Light Sensitivity) - Woman Shielding Eyes From Bright Sunlight https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/transient-vision-loss https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/transient-vision-loss-curtain-coming-down-simulation.webp Transient Vision Loss Transient Vision Loss Simulation - Curtain Coming Down Over Vision (Amaurosis Fugax) https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/unequal-pupils https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/anisocoria-unequal-pupil-size-closeup.webp Unequal Pupil Size (Anisocoria) Anisocoria (Unequal Pupils) - One Dilated Pupil Compared to Normal Pupil https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/vision-loss https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/vision-loss-hemianopia-half-field-blackout-simulation.webp Vision Loss Hemianopia Vision Loss Simulation - Half Visual Field Blackout https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/visual-aura https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/migraine-aura-visual-disturbance-simulation.webp Visual Aura Simulation of migraine visual aura showing shimmering colorful distortions in peripheral vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/visual-field-deficits https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/visual-field-deficit-wedge-shaped-right-field-cut-simulation.webp Visual Field Deficits Visual Field Deficit Simulation - Wedge-Shaped Right Visual Field Cut https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/symptoms/visual-hallucinations https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/charles-bonnet-syndrome-translucent-figure-hallucination-living-room.webp Visual Hallucinations Charles Bonnet Syndrome Simulation - Translucent Figure Hallucination https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/adie-tonic-pupil https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/adie-tonic-pupil-reaction-comparison.webp Adie's Tonic Pupil Adie's tonic pupil: large pupil with poor or slow light response, better near response, and slow redilation. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/amblyopia https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/amblyopia-lazy-eye-misaligned-pupil-closeup.webp Amblyopia (Lazy Eye) Close-up photo showing amblyopia - one eye appearing misaligned, illustrating lazy eye https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/argyll-robertson-pupils https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/argyll-robertson-pupils-light-near-dissociation.webp Argyll Robertson Pupils Argyll Robertson pupils show light-near dissociation: weak light response with preserved near constriction. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/bells-palsy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/bells-palsy-facial-asymmetry.webp Bell's Palsy Medical infographic of Bell's palsy showing facial asymmetry with one side having a drooping mouth, flattened forehead, and inability to fully close the eye compared to the normal side https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/blepharitis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/blepharitis-crusty-eyelid-margin.webp Blepharitis Close-up comparison of blepharitis with crusty collarettes at the eyelash base, red inflamed lid margin, and plugged meibomian glands versus a healthy eyelid with clean lash base https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/blepharospasm https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/blepharospasm-orbicularis-oculi-botox-targets.webp Benign Essential Blepharospasm Blepharospasm involves involuntary eyelid muscle squeezing and is often treated with targeted botulinum toxin injections. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/branch-retinal-artery-occlusion https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/branch-retinal-artery-occlusion-sectoral-whitening.webp Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion (BRAO) A blocked retinal artery branch causes a sector of retinal ischemia and a matching field defect. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/cancer-vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/cancer-vision-tumor-toxicity-paraneoplastic-visual-loss.webp Cancer-Associated Visual Syndromes Cancer can affect vision through tumor spread, compression, treatment toxicity, or immune-mediated injury. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/cavernous-sinus-syndrome https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/cavernous-sinus-syndrome-cranial-nerves-eye-deficits.webp Cavernous Sinus Syndrome The cavernous sinus contains several eye movement nerves, facial sensation branches, and the carotid artery. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/central-retinal-artery-occlusion https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/central-retinal-artery-occlusion-eye-stroke.webp Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) CRAO is an eye stroke pattern with a blocked retinal artery, sudden painless vision loss, and urgent stroke evaluation. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/chalazion https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/chalazion-vs-stye-comparison.webp Chalazion Side-by-side comparison of a chalazion showing a firm painless bump in the middle of the eyelid versus a stye showing a red tender swollen bump at the eyelash margin https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/charles-bonnet-syndrome https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/charles-bonnet-syndrome-translucent-figure-hallucination-living-room.webp Charles Bonnet Syndrome Charles Bonnet Syndrome Simulation - Translucent Figure Hallucination https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/compressive-optic-neuropathy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/compressive-optic-neuropathy-orbital-mass-optic-nerve.webp Compressive Optic Neuropathy A mass compressing the optic nerve in the orbit usually causes monocular field loss-central, generalized, or constricted-rather than the bitemporal pattern that classically occurs with chiasmal compression. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/cpeo https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/cpeo-bilateral-ptosis-limited-eye-movement.webp Chronic Progressive External Ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) CPEO weakens the eyelid and eye movement muscles gradually, often causing bilateral ptosis and restricted gaze. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/dominant-optic-atrophy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/dominant-optic-atrophy-opa1-mitochondrial-optic-nerve.webp Dominant Optic Atrophy (Kjer Disease) Dominant optic atrophy affects retinal ganglion cells and optic nerve fibers that carry central and color vision. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/duane-syndrome https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/duane-syndrome-eye-movement-globe-retraction.webp Duane Retraction Syndrome Duane syndrome limits horizontal eye movement and can cause globe retraction when the eye turns inward. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/floaters https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/floaters-simulation.webp Floaters and Flashing Lights Simulation of eye floaters showing squiggly strands and spots drifting across a bright blue sky https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/fourth-nerve-palsy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/fourth-nerve-palsy-head-tilt-diplopia.webp Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy (Trochlear Nerve Palsy) Fourth nerve palsy causes vertical double vision that is worse in downgaze, especially down-and-in (reading, stairs), and improves with a compensatory head tilt away from the affected side. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/functional-vision-loss https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/functional-vision-loss-visual-processing-field-patterns.webp Functional Vision Loss Functional vision loss can occur with normal eye and brain structures but altered visual processing. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/giant-cell-arteritis-temporal-artery-warning-symptoms.webp Giant Cell Arteritis (Temporal Arteritis) GCA needs same-day emergency evaluation: clinician-started high-dose corticosteroids-not patient-initiated-because inflammation near the temporal artery can permanently threaten vision within hours to days. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/glaucoma https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/glaucoma-optic-disc-cupping-vision-loss.webp Glaucoma Infographic comparing a normal optic disc with small cup and healthy rim to a glaucomatous optic disc with enlarged deep cupping and thinned rim, with patient point-of-view showing normal vision versus peripheral vision loss from glaucoma https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/hemifacial-spasm https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/hemifacial-spasm-facial-nerve-irritation.webp Hemifacial Spasm Hemifacial spasm often starts around one eyelid before involving the cheek and mouth on the same side. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/hordeolum https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/hordeolum-stye-eyelid-cross-section.webp Hordeolum (Stye) A stye can form externally near the lash follicle or internally within a meibomian gland. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/horner-syndrome https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/horner-syndrome-ptosis-miosis-anhidrosis.webp Horner Syndrome Medical infographic comparing a normal face to Horner syndrome showing one-sided mild ptosis, a constricted smaller pupil, and decreased sweating on the affected side https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/iih https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/iih-pathophysiology-papilledema-management-overview.webp Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) Infographic explaining idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): elevated intracranial pressure transmitted through the cerebrospinal fluid around the optic nerve compresses axons at the lamina cribrosa and causes papilledema, with a stepwise management ladder from weight loss and acetazolamide to CSF shunt and optic nerve sheath fenestration https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/iih-visual-field-defect-progression.webp Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension (Pseudotumor Cerebri) Visual field test progression in IIH showing four stages: normal visual field, enlarged blind spot, nasal step defect, and constricted visual field https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/internuclear-ophthalmoplegia https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/internuclear-ophthalmoplegia-mlf-pathway.webp Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO) INO is named by side: a left INO (left MLF lesion) means the left eye fails to adduct while the right eye abducts with nystagmus; a right INO is the mirror image. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/intracranial-hypotension https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/intracranial-hypotension-csf-leak-brain-sag.webp Intracranial Hypotension A spinal CSF leak can lower pressure around the brain, causing upright headache that improves when lying down. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/ischemic-optic-neuropathy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/ischemic-optic-neuropathy-naion-arteritic-aion-blood-flow.webp Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Ischemic optic neuropathy occurs when blood flow to the optic nerve head is reduced or blocked. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/keratoconus https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/keratoconus-cornea-cross-section.webp Keratoconus Cross-section infographic comparing a normal rounded cornea focusing light on the retina versus a keratoconus cornea with thinning and cone-shaped bulging causing scattered misfocused light rays https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/lhon https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/lhon-mitochondrial-inheritance-central-vision-loss.webp Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) LHON is inherited through mitochondrial DNA and typically affects the optic nerve fibers used for central vision. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/long-covid-vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/long-covid-vision-post-viral-visual-symptoms.webp Long COVID Vision Issues Long COVID vision symptoms may involve tear film changes, autonomic symptoms, inflammation, and visual processing complaints. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/meibomian-gland-dysfunction https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/meibomian-gland-dysfunction-blocked-glands-tear-evaporation.webp Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) Blocked meibomian glands reduce the oil layer of the tear film, allowing tears to evaporate too quickly. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/microvascular-cranial-nerve-palsy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/microvascular-cranial-nerve-palsy-anatomy-diplopia-triage.webp Microvascular Cranial Nerve Palsy Infographic on microvascular cranial nerve palsy: anatomy and actions of cranial nerves III, IV, and VI controlling eye movement; the direction of gaze that worsens diplopia for each nerve with typical eye position clues; and a triage framework contrasting the typical microvascular pattern (age 50+, vascular risk factors, isolated pupil-sparing palsy) with red flags requiring urgent MRI and neuro-ophthalmology referral https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/migraines https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/symptoms/migraine-aura-visual-disturbance-simulation.webp Migraines and Vision Simulation of migraine visual aura showing shimmering colorful distortions in peripheral vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/mogad https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/mogad-optic-neuritis-ms-nmo-comparison.webp MOGAD (MOG Antibody Disease) MOGAD optic neuritis often has a different pattern than typical MS or neuromyelitis optica optic neuritis. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/ms-vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/ms-vision-optic-neuritis-ino-nystagmus.webp Multiple Sclerosis Vision Complications Multiple sclerosis can affect the optic nerves, brainstem eye movement pathways, and eye movement stability. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/myasthenia-gravis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/ocular-myasthenia-gravis-infographic.webp Ocular Myasthenia Gravis Ocular myasthenia gravis (OMG) infographic explaining the autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, why eye symptoms like ptosis and double vision worsen with use and improve with rest or cold, how OMG is diagnosed with the ice-pack test, AChR and MuSK antibody testing, repetitive nerve stimulation EMG, and thymoma chest imaging, and the pathway from ocular-only to generalized myasthenia gravis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/myasthenia-gravis-ptosis-progression.webp Ocular Myasthenia Gravis Progressive eyelid drooping in myasthenia gravis showing eyes fully open in the morning, mild ptosis in the afternoon, and severe bilateral ptosis by evening https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/neuroretinitis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/neuroretinitis-disc-swelling-macular-star.webp Neuroretinitis Neuroretinitis often combines optic disc swelling with a macular star pattern of retinal exudates. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/nmo https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/nmo-aqp4-antibody-optic-nerve-spinal-cord.webp Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO/Devic's Disease) Neuromyelitis optica is commonly linked to AQP4 antibody injury involving the optic nerves and spinal cord. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/nystagmus https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/nystagmus-eye-motion-waveforms.webp Nystagmus Nystagmus patterns describe the direction, rhythm, and trigger for involuntary eye movements. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/ocular-sarcoidosis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/ocular-sarcoidosis-uvea-retina-optic-nerve.webp Ocular Sarcoidosis Ocular sarcoidosis can inflame several eye structures, including the uvea, retina, optic nerve, and orbit. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/open-globe-injury https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/open-globe-injury-first-aid-types-er-workflow.webp Open Globe Injury Infographic on open globe injury first aid and emergency care: do shield the eye with a rigid cover and protect both eyes while seeking emergency care, do not apply pressure, remove protruding objects, patch with pressure, or give food or drink; cross-sectional diagrams of rupture, penetrating, perforating, and intraocular foreign body (IOFB) injury patterns; and a six-step ER workflow from triage and eye shielding through focused assessment, CT orbits imaging, ophthalmology consult, and prompt surgical globe repair https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/optic-disc-drusen https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/optic-disc-drusen-papilledema-comparison.webp Optic Disc Drusen Optic disc drusen can elevate the nerve head and mimic true papilledema. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/optic-disc-drusen.webp Optic Disc Drusen Diagnostic comparison: fundus appearance, OCT evidence of buried drusen, B-scan bright calcified echo, and autofluorescence drusen glow. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/optic-neuritis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/optic-neuritis-optic-nerve-inflammation.webp Optic Neuritis Optic neuritis inflames the optic nerve behind the eye, often causing pain with eye movement and dimmed color vision. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/orbital-cellulitis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/orbital-cellulitis-infection-behind-orbital-septum.webp Orbital Cellulitis Orbital cellulitis is an infection behind the orbital septum that can threaten eye movement, vision, and the optic nerve. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/orbital-fracture https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/orbital-fracture-floor-blowout-muscle-entrapment.webp Orbital Fracture An orbital floor fracture can trap the inferior rectus muscle and cause vertical double vision. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/papilledema https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/papilledema-optic-disc-swelling-comparison.webp Papilledema Fundoscopic view comparing a normal optic disc with sharp margins to a swollen optic disc with blurred margins and obscured blood vessels seen in papilledema https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/pituitary-apoplexy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/pituitary-apoplexy-chiasm-cavernous-sinus-compression.webp Pituitary Apoplexy Pituitary apoplexy can abruptly compress the optic chiasm and cavernous sinus, causing vision and eye movement symptoms. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/pituitary-tumor https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/pituitary-tumor-optic-chiasm-bitemporal-field-loss.webp Pituitary Tumor A pituitary tumor can press upward on the optic chiasm and selectively affect the outer visual fields. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/post-traumatic-vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/post-traumatic-vision-concussion-visual-system.webp Post-Traumatic Vision Syndrome Concussion can disrupt eye teaming, focusing, light tolerance, and visual motion processing. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/pterygium https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/pterygium-growth-on-eye.webp Pterygium Medical illustration of a pterygium showing a wedge-shaped fleshy growth extending from the nasal white of the eye onto the cornea toward the iris https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/ptosis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/ptosis-eyelid-anatomy-causes.webp Ptosis (Droopy Eyelid) Ptosis can come from eyelid tendon stretching, nerve problems, muscle weakness, or mechanical weight. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/radiation-optic-neuropathy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/radiation-optic-neuropathy-delayed-optic-nerve-ischemia.webp Radiation-Induced Optic Neuropathy Radiation optic neuropathy is a delayed optic nerve injury that may appear months to years after treatment. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/retinal-vascular-disease https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/retinal-vascular-disease-crao-crvo-ischemia-anti-vegf.webp Retinal Vascular Disease Infographic on retinal vascular disease: side-by-side comparison of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) showing a cherry-red spot, pale ischemic retina, delayed arterial filling on fluorescein angiography, and inner retinal thickening on OCT, versus central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) showing blood and thunder hemorrhages, dilated tortuous veins, cotton wool spots, and cystoid macular edema; ischemic versus non-ischemic disease comparison highlighting capillary nonperfusion, neovascularization risk, and prognosis; a diagram of retinal edema showing fluid accumulation between retinal layers blurring vision; and an anti-VEGF treatment timeline covering baseline evaluation, monthly loading injections, assess-and-extend phase, and long-term maintenance with treat-and-extend or PRN dosing https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/sixth-nerve-palsy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/sixth-nerve-palsy-abduction-deficit.webp Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsy (Abducens Nerve Palsy) Sixth nerve palsy limits outward eye movement on the affected side (the patient's own left or right) and causes horizontal double vision that worsens when looking toward that side. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/skew-deviation https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/skew-deviation-vestibular-pathway-eye-misalignment.webp Skew Deviation Skew deviation reflects a vestibular pathway problem that vertically misaligns the eyes. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/strabismus https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/strabismus-types-eye-misalignment.webp Strabismus (Eye Misalignment) Illustration showing four types of strabismus: esotropia with eye turning inward, exotropia with eye turning outward, hypertropia with eye turning upward, and hypotropia with eye turning downward https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/stroke-vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/homonymous-hemianopia-occipital-stroke-fields.webp Stroke-Related Vision Loss A stroke behind the optic chiasm can remove the same side of the visual field in both eyes, called homonymous hemianopia. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/subconjunctival-hemorrhage-red-eye.webp Subconjunctival Hemorrhage Medical illustration of a subconjunctival hemorrhage showing a bright red flat patch of blood on the white of the eye compared to a normal eye https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/superior-oblique-myokymia https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/superior-oblique-myokymia-trochlear-nerve-twitches.webp Superior Oblique Myokymia Superior oblique myokymia causes brief torsional movements from tiny superior oblique muscle contractions. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/third-nerve-palsy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/third-nerve-palsy-down-and-out-eye.webp Third Cranial Nerve Palsy (Oculomotor Nerve Palsy) Medical illustration comparing a normal face to third nerve palsy showing a drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, and the affected eye deviated downward and outward in the classic down-and-out position https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/thyroid-eye-disease https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/thyroid-eye-disease-proptosis-comparison.webp Thyroid Eye Disease (Graves' Orbitopathy) Side-by-side infographic comparing a normal eye and thyroid eye disease showing proptosis, eyelid retraction, and swollen tissue behind the eye https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/toxic-nutritional-optic-neuropathy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/toxic-nutritional-optic-neuropathy-papillomacular-bundle.webp Toxic and Nutritional Optic Neuropathy Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathies commonly affect the papillomacular bundle and central vision in both eyes. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/conditions/uveitis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/uveitis-ciliary-flush-hypopyon.webp Uveitis (Iritis) Medical illustration of uveitis showing an eye with ciliary flush redness around the iris, a small irregular pupil with posterior synechiae, and a hypopyon layer of white inflammatory cells at the bottom of the anterior chamber https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/b-scan-ultrasound https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/b-scan-ultrasound-retina-detachment-vitreous-hemorrhage.webp B-Scan Ultrasound B-scan ultrasound images the eye when the view is blocked and can show a detached retinal membrane (the V/funnel shape is one example, not the only morphology) or vitreous hemorrhage. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/carotid-ultrasound https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/carotid-ultrasound-plaque-doppler-eye-brain-risk.webp Carotid Ultrasound (Doppler) Carotid ultrasound checks neck artery narrowing that can send emboli toward the eye or brain. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/color-vision-test https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/color-vision-test-ishihara-hrr-d15-comparison.webp Color Vision Testing Color vision testing may use plate tests or arrangement tests to separate inherited and acquired color vision patterns. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/contrast-sensitivity https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/contrast-sensitivity-high-low-contrast-chart.webp Contrast Sensitivity Testing Contrast sensitivity testing measures vision for objects that do not stand out sharply from the background. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/eye-movement-exam https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/eye-movement-exam-nine-gaze-chart.webp Eye Movement Examination Nine-gaze testing helps localize underaction, overaction, and misalignment across the cardinal positions. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/fluorescein-angiography https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/fluorescein-angiography-dye-retinal-leakage.webp Fluorescein Angiography Fluorescein angiography follows dye through retinal circulation to reveal abnormal fluorescence patterns: leakage, staining, blockage, window defects, and nonperfusion. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/fundoscopic-exam https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/fundoscopic-exam-labeled-fundus-overview.webp Fundoscopic Examination A fundoscopic exam surveys the optic disc, macula, vessels, and retina for key signs of eye and systemic disease. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/hess-chart https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/hess-chart-underacting-muscle-overaction-pattern.webp Hess Chart Test A Hess chart maps eye movement imbalance across gaze positions and helps identify underacting muscles. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/ice-test https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/ice-test-ptosis-three-panel.webp Ice Test for Myasthenia Gravis The ice test compares MRD1-the distance from the corneal light reflex to the upper lid margin-before and after cooling, looking for an objective rise (commonly ≥2 mm) that supports myasthenic ptosis. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/maddox-rod https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/maddox-rod-prism-diplopia-measurement.webp Maddox Rod Test The Maddox rod separates what each eye sees so prism can measure horizontal or vertical misalignment. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/mri-brain-orbits https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/mri-brain-orbits-visual-pathways.webp MRI Brain and Orbits MRI of the brain and orbits follows the optic nerves, chiasm, pituitary region, cavernous sinus, and visual pathways. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/oct https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/oct-optical-coherence-tomography-rnfl-ganglion-cell-analysis.webp OCT (Optical Coherence Tomography) Infographic on optical coherence tomography (OCT): labeled cross-sectional B-scan through the macula showing each retinal layer from inner to outer - retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer, inner plexiform layer, inner nuclear layer, outer plexiform layer, outer nuclear layer, photoreceptor layer, and retinal pigment epithelium; two standard scan types - a peripapillary circle scan that quantifies RNFL thickness around the optic nerve and a macular scan that measures the ganglion cell complex (GCC); example RNFL sector clock-hour thickness values and a GCC macular thickness heat map; and how to interpret the color-coded normative database output - green within normal limits (low risk), yellow borderline (watch closely), and red outside normal limits (higher risk) - with emphasis on tracking trends over time to detect early glaucoma and other optic neuropathies before vision is affected https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/prism-cover-test https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/prism-cover-test-prism-bar-refixation.webp Prism and Cover Test The prism and cover test uses refixation movement and prism strength to measure eye deviation. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/pupil-exam https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/pupil-exam-response-infographic.webp Pupil Examination Pupil testing distinguishes direct/consensual light response, swinging-flashlight RAPD, and anisocoria patterns: a larger pupil that is worse in light suggests a parasympathetic problem; a smaller pupil that is worse in dark suggests a sympathetic/Horner pattern. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/slit-lamp-exam https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/slit-lamp-exam-anterior-segment-light-beam.webp Slit Lamp Examination A slit lamp focuses a narrow beam of light through the eye so the doctor can examine front and back eye structures. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/ultrasound-biomicroscopy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/ultrasound-biomicroscopy-anterior-eye-sound-waves.webp Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) UBM uses high-frequency sound-coupled to the eye through a small fluid-filled cup or coupling gel-to image the anterior segment and structures hidden behind the iris. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/tests/visual-field-test https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/visual-field-analyzer-machine.webp Visual Field Test (Perimetry) Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer machine used for automated perimetry testing https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/visual-field-test-perimetry-defects-lesion-localization.webp Visual Field Test (Perimetry) Infographic on visual field testing (perimetry): five example field patterns - normal, altitudinal defect, bitemporal hemianopia, homonymous hemianopia, and enlarged blind spot - with patient-view simulations; a five-step diagram of automated perimetry showing fixation, appearing lights, button response, machine mapping, and results; and a lesion-localization table linking each defect to the likely site along the visual pathway (optic nerve, chiasm, tract, radiations, occipital lobe) and common causes such as pituitary adenoma, ischemic optic neuropathy, stroke, glaucoma, and optic neuritis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/tests/visual-field-test-output.webp Visual Field Test (Perimetry) Example visual field test printout showing grayscale maps, numeric sensitivity values, total deviation, and pattern deviation plots https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/treatments/microvascular-decompression https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/treatments/microvascular-decompression-facial-nerve-teflon-cushion.webp Microvascular Decompression Microvascular decompression separates an irritating blood vessel from the facial nerve near the brainstem. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/treatments/optic-nerve-fenestration https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/treatments/optic-nerve-sheath-fenestration-onsf-procedure-overview.webp Optic Nerve Sheath Fenestration Infographic on optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF): anatomy of the optic nerve sheath showing how raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure compresses the optic nerve and impairs blood flow; before and after comparison illustrating how a small window created in the sheath releases CSF and decompresses the nerve; a before-and-after fundus view showing reduced papilledema; a reminder that ONSF lowers pressure around the optic nerve only and usually does not improve IIH headaches because intracranial pressure is unchanged; and a four-step overview of the procedure - small eyelid or conjunctival incision, medial access to the optic nerve, creation of a fenestration in the sheath, and drainage of CSF to lower pressure on the nerve https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/treatments/orbital-decompression https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/treatments/orbital-decompression-thyroid-eye-disease-proptosis.webp Orbital Decompression Surgery Orbital decompression creates more room in the orbit to reduce crowding and proptosis. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/treatments/pneumatic-retinopexy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/treatments/pneumatic-retinopexy-gas-bubble-retinal-tear.webp Pneumatic Retinopexy Pneumatic retinopexy uses a gas bubble and head positioning to press a retinal tear closed while it is sealed. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/treatments/strabismus-surgery https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/conditions/strabismus-types-eye-misalignment.webp Strabismus Surgery Strabismus surgery planning starts with the measured pattern of eye misalignment and the muscles responsible for that pattern. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/treatments/vitrectomy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/treatments/vitrectomy-retina-surgery-ports-gas-oil.webp Vitrectomy Vitrectomy uses small ports to remove vitreous gel and treat retinal problems from inside the eye. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/treatments/vp-shunt https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/treatments/vp-shunt-csf-drainage-ventricle-abdomen.webp VP Shunt (Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt) A VP shunt diverts cerebrospinal fluid from the brain ventricles through tubing into the abdomen. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/acetazolamide https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/acetazolamide-diamox-carbonic-anhydrase-inhibitor-csf-mechanism.webp Acetazolamide (Diamox) Diagram of acetazolamide (Diamox) mechanism of action: side-by-side comparison of choroid plexus epithelial cells before and after acetazolamide; normally carbonic anhydrase converts CO2 and H2O into bicarbonate (HCO3-) and hydrogen ions (H+), driving sodium and water transport to produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and maintain intracranial pressure; acetazolamide inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the choroid plexus, decreasing bicarbonate generation and Na+/H2O flux, which reduces CSF production and lowers intracranial pressure (ICP), making it a first-line medical treatment for idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/atropine https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/atropine-mechanism-of-action-muscarinic-receptor-antagonist.webp Atropine Eye Drops Diagram of atropine's mechanism of action: atropine is a competitive antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, blocking acetylcholine released from cholinergic nerve terminals from binding to postsynaptic muscarinic receptors on effector cells; the resulting decrease in parasympathetic activity causes mydriasis (pupil dilation), reduced secretions including saliva and tears, bronchodilation, increased heart rate or tachycardia, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and reduced bladder contractions with urinary retention https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/cequa https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/cequa-cyclosporine-eye-drops-package.webp Cequa (Cyclosporine 0.09%) Cequa cyclosporine 0.9mg/mL single-use ampoules packaging for dry eye treatment https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/doxycycline https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/doxycycline-antibiotic-anti-inflammatory-mmp-meibomian-gland.webp Doxycycline Infographic on how doxycycline works: as an antibiotic, doxycycline is a tetracycline that binds the 30S bacterial ribosomal subunit to inhibit protein synthesis, producing broad-spectrum bacteriostatic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms as well as atypical pathogens; at sub-antimicrobial (lower) doses it also has distinct anti-inflammatory and ocular surface effects useful in blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, and ocular rosacea - inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that degrade tissue and amplify inflammation, reducing lid-margin redness and swelling, promoting clearer higher-quality meibomian gland secretions (meibum), and shifting the meibum fatty acid profile toward a more stable tear film lipid layer https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/ilevro https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/ilevro-nepafenac-eye-drops-package.webp Ilevro (Nepafenac 0.3%) Ilevro nepafenac ophthalmic suspension 0.3% eye drop bottle and packaging for post-cataract surgery inflammation https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/nepafenac-ilevro-nsaid-prodrug-mechanism-ophthalmic.webp Ilevro (Nepafenac 0.3%) Infographic on how nepafenac (Ilevro) works: nepafenac is a topical ophthalmic NSAID prodrug that is inactive when applied to the ocular surface, is bioactivated by intraocular hydrolases into its active metabolite amfenac after penetrating into the eye, and then inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2) enzymes to reduce prostaglandin synthesis; lower prostaglandin levels decrease ocular inflammation, pain, and swelling; the prodrug design is intended to enhance corneal and intraocular penetration and improve surface tolerability compared with non-prodrug NSAID eye drops, supporting its use for post-cataract-surgery inflammation and prevention of cystoid macular edema https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/miebo https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/miebo-perfluorohexyloctane-eye-drops-package.webp Miebo (Perfluorohexyloctane) Miebo perfluorohexyloctane ophthalmic solution eye drop bottle and packaging for evaporative dry eye treatment https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/nurtec https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/nurtec-odt-package.webp Nurtec ODT (Rimegepant) Nurtec ODT (rimegepant) 75mg orally disintegrating tablets packaging https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/nurtec-rimegepant-cgrp-receptor-antagonist-mechanism-migraine.webp Nurtec ODT (Rimegepant) Infographic on how Nurtec ODT (rimegepant) works for migraine: CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) levels rise during a migraine attack and drive neurovascular inflammation and pain sensitization, so blocking CGRP prevents and relieves migraine; rimegepant is a small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonist (gepant) that competitively blocks CGRP from binding to its receptor, reducing migraine-related inflammation and pain signaling, and is approved for both acute treatment of a migraine attack and preventive reduction of migraine frequency https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/prolensa https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/prolensa-bromfenac-eye-drops-package.webp Prolensa (Bromfenac 0.07%) Prolensa bromfenac ophthalmic solution 0.07% once daily eye drop bottle and packaging for post-cataract surgery inflammation https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/restasis https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/restasis-cyclosporine-multidose-bottle.webp Restasis (Cyclosporine 0.05%) Restasis MultiDose cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion 0.05% preservative-free bottle and packaging for dry eye treatment https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/tyrvaya https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/tyrvaya-varenicline-nasal-spray-package.webp Tyrvaya (Varenicline Nasal Spray) Tyrvaya varenicline nasal spray 0.03mg packaging with two nasal spray bottles for dry eye treatment https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/xiidra https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/xiidra-lifitegrast-single-use-vials.webp Xiidra (Lifitegrast) Xiidra lifitegrast ophthalmic solution 5% single-use vials packaging for dry eye treatment https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/xiidra-lifitegrast-lfa-1-antagonist-mechanism-dry-eye.webp Xiidra (Lifitegrast) Infographic on how Xiidra (lifitegrast) works for dry eye disease: lifitegrast is an LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1) antagonist that binds to the LFA-1 protein on T-cells and other white blood cells, preventing them from engaging ICAM-1 and adhering to and migrating into the ocular surface; blocking this adhesion step reduces ocular surface inflammation and cytokine-driven damage, restoring healthier conjunctival and corneal epithelium and improving tear film stability to relieve the signs and symptoms of dry eye; comparison table versus cyclosporine-based drops (Restasis, Cequa), which instead broadly suppress T-cell activation and cytokine release - highlighting that Xiidra targets cell adhesion upstream, a distinct and complementary mechanism of action https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/medications/zavzpret https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/zavzpret-zavegepant-nasal-spray.webp Zavzpret (Zavegepant) Zavzpret zavegepant nasal spray device held in hand showing single-dose intranasal applicator for acute migraine treatment https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/medications/zavzpret-zavegepant-cgrp-receptor-antagonist-mechanism-migraine.webp Zavzpret (Zavegepant) Infographic on how Zavzpret (zavegepant) nasal spray works for migraine: CGRP (calcitonin gene-related peptide) is released in the brain and surrounding blood vessels during a migraine attack, causing cranial blood vessel dilation and inflammation and sensitizing central pain pathways; zavegepant is a small-molecule CGRP receptor antagonist (gepant) delivered as an intranasal spray that prevents CGRP from binding to its receptors, reducing neurogenic inflammation and blood vessel dilation in the brain to relieve headache pain, nausea, light sensitivity (photophobia), and sound sensitivity (phonophobia) during an acute migraine attack https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/anisocoria https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/anisocoria-unequal-pupils-closeup.webp Anisocoria (Unequal Pupils) Close-up photo showing anisocoria - one pupil noticeably larger than the other https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/bitemporal-hemianopia https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/bitemporal-hemianopia-chiasm-compression-fields.webp Bitemporal Hemianopia Chiasm compression classically causes loss of the temporal visual field in both eyes. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/cherry-red-spot https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/cherry-red-spot-crao-retina-emergency.webp Cherry-Red Spot A cherry-red spot appears when the surrounding macula is pale, often from central retinal artery occlusion. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/disc-edema https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/disc-edema-normal-swollen-disc-comparison.webp Optic Disc Edema (Swelling) Disc edema blurs the normal optic disc margins and can obscure vessels or add hemorrhages and cotton-wool spots. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/homonymous-hemianopia https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/homonymous-hemianopia-occipital-stroke-fields.webp Homonymous Hemianopia A right occipital stroke can cause matching left-sided visual field loss in both eyes. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/optic-atrophy https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/optic-atrophy-pale-disc-oct-thinning.webp Optic Atrophy Optic atrophy makes the disc look pale and often corresponds with peripapillary RNFL and ganglion cell layer thinning on OCT. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/optic-disc-cupping https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/optic-disc-cupping-cup-to-disc-ratio.webp Optic Disc Cupping The cup-to-disc ratio compares the vertical cup diameter with the full optic disc diameter; a large cup can be physiologic and is interpreted in context with disc size, asymmetry, OCT, IOP, and visual field. https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/rapd https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/swinging-flashlight-test-pupil-response-animation.webp Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect (RAPD) Animation of the swinging flashlight test showing pupil responses in both eyes https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/findings/visual-field-defects https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/central-scotoma-vision-simulation.webp Visual Field Defects (Patterns) Illustration of central scotoma showing a dark blind spot in the center of vision https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/findings/hemianopia-half-visual-field-loss-simulation.webp Visual Field Defects (Patterns) Illustration of hemianopia showing the left half of vision blocked out https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/guides/comparing-dry-eye-prescriptions https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/guides/dry-eye-rx-mechanisms.webp Comparing Dry Eye Prescription Drops Three-panel infographic showing dry eye treatment mechanisms: anti-inflammatory action reducing immune cells at the ocular surface, lipid layer supplementation with oil droplet on tear film, and nerve stimulation therapy from nasal pathway to lacrimal gland https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/guides/how-to-choose-eye-drops https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/guides/preserved-vs-preservative-free-drops.webp How to Choose Eye Drops for Dry Eyes Comparison of a multi-use preserved eye drop bottle with a caution icon and single-use preservative-free vials with a checkmark https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/guides/just-diagnosed-with-dry-eye https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/guides/dry-eye-treatment-ladder.webp Just Diagnosed with Dry Eye - What Now? Dry eye treatment ladder with five ascending steps: 1 Artificial Tears, 2 Lifestyle Changes, 3 Lid Care, 4 Prescription Drops, 5 Procedures https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/guides/medical-conditions-that-cause-dry-eye https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/images/guides/dry-eye-systemic-causes.webp Medical Conditions That Cause Dry Eye Infographic showing organs and conditions that cause dry eye - brain, thyroid, lacrimal glands, joints and immune system, skin, hormonal changes, and nerves and blood vessels - all connected to a central eye https://edu.hashemieyecare.com/terms