Examination of the back of the eye to evaluate the retina, optic nerve, and blood vessels for signs of eye or systemic disease.
The fundus examination is a core component of the eye exam where the doctor looks at the fundus—the interior back surface of the eye including the retina, optic disc (optic nerve head), macula, and blood vessels.
For detailed information about fundus examination techniques and findings, see Fundoscopic Examination.
Key Takeaways
- Views the back of the eye (fundus)
- Evaluates retina, optic nerve, vessels
- Can detect many diseases
- Usually part of comprehensive eye exam
- Better with pupil dilation
What Is the Fundus?
The fundus refers to the interior surface of the eye opposite the lens, including:
- Retina—light-sensitive tissue
- Optic disc—where optic nerve enters eye
- Macula—central vision area
- Fovea—center of macula
- Retinal blood vessels
Why Fundus Examination Is Important
For Eye Health
- Glaucoma assessment (optic nerve)
- Macular degeneration detection
- Diabetic eye disease monitoring
- Retinal tears or detachment
- Eye tumors
For Brain/Neurological Health
- Papilledema (elevated brain pressure)
- Optic atrophy
- Disc edema from optic neuritis
- Signs of stroke
For Overall Health
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Hypertensive changes
- Blood disorders
- Infections
How It's Performed
The examination may use:
- Direct ophthalmoscope—handheld device
- Indirect ophthalmoscope—worn on head with handheld lens
- Slit lamp with lens—detailed magnified view
- Fundus camera—photographs for documentation
See Fundoscopic Examination for detailed description of methods.
Dilated vs. Undilated
Advantages of Dilation
- Much wider view
- Can see peripheral retina
- Better view of optic nerve details
- Essential for thorough examination
Effects of Dilation
- Light sensitivity (4-6 hours)
- Blurred near vision
- May need sunglasses
- May not be able to drive immediately
Findings in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Optic Disc Appearance
| Finding | Possible Conditions |
|---|---|
| Swollen disc | Papilledema, optic neuritis, AION |
| Pale disc | Optic atrophy, prior AION |
| Cupped disc | Glaucoma |
| Drusen | Optic disc drusen |
Vascular Findings
| Finding | Possible Conditions |
|---|---|
| Hemorrhages | Diabetes, hypertension, vein occlusion |
| Pale retina | Artery occlusion |
| Emboli visible | Carotid disease, cardiac source |
Frequency of Examination
- Comprehensive eye exams: Every 1-2 years for adults
- Diabetes: At least annually
- Known eye conditions: As recommended by doctor
- New symptoms: Promptly
Related Tests
- Fundoscopic Examination—detailed technique information
- Fundus Photography
- OCT
- Fluorescein Angiography
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.
Medically Reviewed Content
This article meets our editorial standards
- Written by:
- Hashemi Eye Care Medical Team
- Medically reviewed by:
- Board-Certified Neuro-Ophthalmologist (MD, Neuro-Ophthalmology)
- Last reviewed:
- January 30, 2025